MUSEUMS | ALBUQUERQUE
From Rosie the Riveter to Bea Arthur
Nuclear Museum exhibition honors the millions of women who served during WWII — some with NM ties
When people think of women in World War II, the iconic image of Rosie the Riveter may spring to mind. But women served in many capacities — from flight instructors to nuclear engineers — as an exhibition at The National Museum of Nuclear Science & History demonstrates.
“WAVES, WACs and WASPs: Women in World War II, 1942–1945” explores the crucial contributions women made to the war effort during those pivotal years.
“It looks at all the various branches of the service and how they integrated women into the military at the time, which was really the first time that women had been extensively integrated into military service,” curator James Stemm said. “We also look at women in war industries in the U.S. — it’s over 4 million women who worked in factories — and then a little bit about women in other militaries around the world.”
The complex history of Rosie the Riveter, who was not a single individual, as many assume, but a composite image created by Norman Rockwell, is also explored in the exhibition.
The acronyms in the title refer to official women’s military units during the war.
“WAC is the Women’s Army Corps, which was the U.S. Army’s primary women’s organization during the war. WAVES is the U.S. Navy’s equivalent, and that acronym stands for Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service. And then the WASPs are the Women’s Airforce Service Pilots, and they were women who flew airplanes for the Army around the ϼ States,” Stemm said. “They did all kinds of jobs. They ferried the airplanes from factories to bases. They did test flying. They did flights where they would tow targets for gunners to shoot at, so all kinds of jobs.”
Women were trained just as men were. But where the men were sent into combat, some of the best-trained women actually became the instructors.
“Women did over 200 different jobs in the military — everything from the traditional things you would think of like nursing and administrative work, but they were also trained as drivers, as mechanics — a lot of women learned the very the same jobs that men were learning that they would take into combat,” Stemm said. “But the women learned the jobs, and then they became the instructors.”
The exhibition, which fills a 1,500-square-foot gallery, includes about 100 artifacts and even more photographs. Highlights include vintage uniforms worn by women overseas and a photograph of Bernice Frankel, better known as the actress Bea Arthur, who was one of the first members of the ϼ States Marine Corps Women’s Reserve. She achieved the rank of staff sergeant during the war.
Although women in the U.S. military were not officially allowed to serve in combat roles until 2013, many women worked close to the frontlines as nurses. Twenty women were killed by enemy action during the war, according to Stemm, and they were all nurses.
“The photos (in the exhibition) of some of the nurses who were working basically in frontline hospitals are particularly powerful, showing these women out there in the field, suffering the same sort of conditions that the soldiers were seeing, as well, and doing their jobs in that environment,” Stemm said.
“WAVES, WACs and WASPs” also highlights the roles women played in the nuclear effort.
“We talk about women who were in the Manhattan Project, particularly at Los Alamos, in the Army section of the exhibit,” Stemm said. “… There were women at most of the major Manhattan Project sites — here in Los Alamos, Oak Ridge in Tennessee and up in Hanford in Washington as WACs. There were some civilian women who worked on the Manhattan Project, as well.”
While the exhibition takes a wide perspective, it also zooms in on some New Mexico-specific stories.
“I tried to find women with New Mexico connections who served during the war, so we highlight a few of them,” Stemm said.
“WAVES, WACs and WASPs” runs through Oct. 18.
Logan Royce Beitmen is an arts writer for the ϼ. He covers visual art, music, fashion, theater and more. Reach him at lbeitmen@abqjournal.com or on Instagram at .