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Some 30 years before it became the setting for the opening act of Operation Desert Storm, Baghdad was the site of a meeting that forever changed global oil production. The establishment of OPEC would hamper New Mexico oil production for decades. So would the debate over terminating the depletion allowance.

And John Burroughs, New Mexico鈥檚 governor from 1959 to 1961, served as these developments unfolded. He was a native of Robert Lee, Texas, a town not far from Abilene. Despite his Texas roots, Burroughs was an adopted son of southeastern New Mexico, making his fortune as the owner of a cotton-oil production plant in Portales.

And southeastern New Mexico voters, particularly Lea County voters, carried Burroughs to the governor鈥檚 mansion in 1958. After ousting incumbent Republican governor Edwin Mechem in the general election, Burroughs rewarded the voters鈥� loyalty.

Burroughs favored the continuation of the depletion allowance. At that time, oilmen could deduct up to 27.5% of their revenues from their taxable incomes. Suppose an oilman made a million dollars a year; he, then, could claim up to $275,000 as a tax exemption. This exemption allowed oilmen to keep more of their money.

And Burroughs鈥檚 support of this exemption helped oil production rise to new heights in New Mexico toward the end of the 1950s. In 1959, New Mexico oil production exceeded 100 million barrels for the first time ever.

There were, however, palpable whispers that the depletion allowance would go away if John F. Kennedy were to be elected in 1960. Kennedy did support nuclear energy and the conservation of natural resources, but those are separate matters from eliminating a tax deduction. He did, however, view the depletion allowance as an impediment to simplifying the tax code.

If the prospect of losing millions of dollars in income was not troublesome enough for New Mexico oil producers, then the creation of OPEC did not help matters. Delegates from Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela brokered an agreement on Sept. 14, 1960, to form a price-fixing cartel. From that point on, OPEC had the power to raise or lower oil prices through decreed limits on oil production.

Burroughs would join Kennedy鈥檚 brother, Ted Kennedy, for a campaign stop in Alamogordo on Oct. 25, two weeks before the 1960 election. Ted Kennedy attempted to quell fears that John Kennedy would end the depletion allowance. Burroughs backed Kennedy in the presidential race, but lost the race for governor.

Although Burroughs viewed Kennedy as one who supported bipartisanship, voters were still skeptical. Burroughs lost the rematch to Mecham two weeks later. This time, Mechem鈥檚 support in San Juan County carried him back to the governor鈥檚 mansion.

Meanwhile, New Mexico鈥檚 annual oil output exceeded 100 million barrels each year through 1973. This prolific output came not from new oil fields, but rather from new technologies used in existing oil fields to get more oil out of the ground. This included waterflooding, where a water-injection well could push isolated oil pockets to a production well. But the Tax Reduction Act of 1975 鈥� which terminated the depletion allowance 鈥� and the increasing influx of oil imports caused New Mexico鈥檚 crude output to fall to 71 million barrels in 1982. 

Kennedy鈥檚 win over Nixon in the 1960 presidential election overshadows the legacy of the establishment of OPEC and the controversy over the depletion allowance. Although New Mexico oil producers would not see the full effects of these two developments until 1982, the repercussions would last for more than 40 years.

Matthew M. Day is  an independent scholar/historian from Lubbock, Texas.  He is the author of 30 books, including 鈥淟ubbock, Levelland, Baghdad, Washington; The Oil Empire That Wasn't Book I,鈥� and 鈥淭he Oil Empire That Wasn't Book II.鈥�  He previously wrote a column for the Seminole (Texas) Sentinel.  His website is .