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OPINION: The real cure of age-related muscle loss

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Walk through any pharmacy or grocery store and you will see protein bars, protein shakes, protein cereals and protein water. The marketing message is relentless: Eat more protein and you will be stronger, leaner and healthier. It is one of the most successful nutritional campaigns in recent memory. It is also only half right.

Protein matters. But if you believe that eating more of it will stop or reverse age-related muscle loss, you have been misled. The real prescription is resistance training. Most older adults are not doing it.

Starting in our 40s, we lose muscle mass and strength at a rate of roughly 1-2% per year. The medical term is sarcopenia. It is not rare. A 2025 systematic review examining data from more than 70,000 older adults found that approximately 1 in 5 already have clinically significant muscle loss. Sarcopenia is not a cosmetic problem. It raises the risk of falls, fractures, disability, loss of independence and death. It is one of the principal reasons an older adult who was functioning well before a hospitalization or illness can suddenly struggle to get back on their feet.

Protein provides the amino acid building blocks your muscles need to maintain and repair themselves. Without enough protein, your body cannot do that work effectively, even if you are exercising hard. In that sense, protein is genuinely necessary.

But necessary is not the same as sufficient. When researchers have rigorously tested whether protein alone builds muscle in older adults, the results have been consistently disappointing. A systematic review published in the Journal of the American Medical Directors Association found that protein or amino acid supplementation did not significantly increase muscle mass or strength in older adults compared with controls. The reason is straightforward: Without a mechanical stimulus — specifically, hard muscular work — the body has no reason to use those building blocks to build anything new. The material sits unused. Extra protein, absent exercise, is not a treatment for sarcopenia.

What is the treatment? Resistance training. And the science now tells us with unusual precision how much is needed. A 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine — the most comprehensive analysis of the evidence to date — found that any amount of resistance training reduced the risk of dying from all causes by 15%, from cardiovascular disease by 19%, and from cancer by 14%, compared with doing none at all. The dose-response analysis found a sweet spot at approximately 60 minutes per week — two 30-minute sessions — where the maximum mortality benefit was reached: a 27% reduction in the risk of all-cause death. Additional minutes beyond that threshold produced diminishing returns.

Resistance training means loading your muscles against enough resistance that they are forced to adapt and grow stronger. It can be done with weight machines, free weights, resistance bands or body-weight movements such as chair stands and wall push-ups. But the effort must be genuine. A useful rule: If the last two or three repetitions of a set do not feel genuinely difficult, the load is too light to drive adaptation. This is not a walk around the block, a gentle morning stretch or an occasional push-up. Walking is excellent for the heart, lungs, blood pressure and brain. It does not prevent muscle loss. Resistance training does.

The most powerful prescription combines both. At New Heart Fitness and Health where I am the medical director, we have a program, “New Heart New You,” which combines strength and aerobic training that has been extremely helpful for many inactive people.

A landmark study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine in 2026, drawing on three large Harvard cohorts and following 147,000 men and women for up to 30 years, found that people who performed both regular aerobic exercise and resistance training had approximately 45% lower all-cause mortality compared with people who did neither. That is a greater benefit than either type of exercise produced independently. The practical message is not complicated: walk, swim or cycle for cardiovascular health, and add two sessions of serious resistance training each week. These two modes of exercise are not competing for your time. They are complementary; each does something the other cannot.

Protein supports that effort. For adults over 65, most nutrition experts — including the international PROT-AGE Study Group — recommend 1.0 to 1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily. For a 160-pound person, that is roughly 75 to 90 grams per day, distributed across three meals. A breakfast of two eggs and a cup of Greek yogurt already delivers 27 to 32 grams. That is a fundamentally different start to the day than toast and coffee, and it matters.

People with advanced chronic kidney disease should not increase protein intake without speaking with their physician first. For everyone else, the goal is adequacy — not excess. The protein aisle at the grocery store is not the solution to sarcopenia.

The complete prescription: two serious resistance training sessions per week, regular aerobic activity and enough protein at each meal to support the work. Together, the evidence suggests this combination can reduce the risk of premature death by nearly half. Protein is part of the plan — but only exercise can give the muscles the signal they need to stay strong.

Dr. Barry Ramo is the medical director at New Heart Fitness and Health.